Words about Political Science

Jean Bodin (1530 – 1596) a French political philosopher  coined the term “Political Science”. Political science is a branch of social science. The study of Political science is of great significance and importance in the present day “Global village”. Political Science is the study of the state. According to Garner Political science begins and ends with the state. It may be defined as the study of man in the process of governing himself. According to Catlin, politics means either activities of political life or the study of those activities, which are generally treated as activities of the various organs of government According to R.N. Gilchrist, political science deals with general problems of the state and government. The great Greek political philosopher, Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) was the first thinker to use the term ‘politics’. The term “Politics” is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means city – state. Aristotle (B.C. 384 - 322) Polis or city – state was a small independent self – contained political society. Greeks did not make any distinction between politics and society. These Greek city – states of ancient times provide an ideal point for the beginning of a systematic study of political science.

Vegetarian Times-monthly magazine

Vegetarian Times is a monthly magazine published nine times a year (three double issues) by Cruz Bay Publishing, Inc. The magazine's audience consists of vegetarians, vegans, and "semi-vegetarians" who are focused on a healthy lifestyle. Vegetarian Times promotes an eco-friendly lifestyle with recipes, wellness information, cooking techniques, and information on "green" products. Half of the readership do not follow a strict vegetarian diet.

After unsuccessfully attempting to sell an article he wrote about vegetarianism entitled "Being a Vegetarian Is Never Having to Say You're Sorry – to a Cow", in 1974 founder Paul Obis put together a four-page handout and called it Vegetarian Times. He made 300 photocopies and from his first issue generated two subscriptions.

In the seventies, the magazine increased in size from 4 pages to 16, to 24 and was published with press runs of 1,000–2,000 copies. By 1977, after around number 19, Vegetarian Times was published bi-monthly and had a readership of 10,000.Overwhelmed with producing and distributing the magazine from his home, Obis sought a publisher and sold an 80% ownership share to New York publisher Associated Business Publications (ABP) in exchange for assuming $6000 in debt and two bags of unopened mail and agreeing to continue the publication.

During the time that ABP owned the magazine, Obis continued on as editor. In 1985 Obis repurchased the magazine from ABP for $276,000. Obis' longtime friend, Fred Rogers (AKA "Mister Rogers") helped finance the deal and became a minority shareholder, while Obis owned the majority. Vegetarian Times grew rapidly under Obis' management: circulation grew from 10,000 to over 250,000 by 1990. In that year, Obis and Rogers sold the magazine to Cowles Media, owner of the Minneapolis Star Tribune, for $10 million.

In 2003 Active Interest Media purchased the publication from Cowles Media and relaunched it in November 2004, the 30th anniversary of the magazine, after significant investment and an editorial overhaul.The magazine expanded coverage to appeal not only to strict vegetarians, but people simply looking for a healthy lifestyle and seeking healthy recipes. APB converted the magazine to a monthly publication schedule and increased advertising from nearly nothing to 15 to 20 pages per issue. The circulation grew eightfold and the revenues grew twenty times to over $1 million.Despite the growth, the periodical continued to lose money. In 1985 ABP acquired a new publication and decided Vegetarian Times would not get the staff attention it needed to become profitable. Obis took the opportunity to buy back his magazine and in two years raised circulation to 250,000 and gross revenues to $10 million. As of the late 1980s, there were no other head-to-head magazine competitors in the United States.

The magazine has had a number of changes in ownership since Obis purchased the company. In 1990, Cowles Media acquired Vegetarian Times. In 1999, Sabot Publishing near Richmond, Virginia purchased the publication from Primedia in Manhattan, New York who had only owned the magazine for 18 months at the time of its sale.In 2003 the magazine was acquired from Richmond-based Sabot Publishing by Cruz Bay Publishing, a subsidiary of Active Interest Media. In 2007, Elizabeth Turner was named Editor-in-Chief. Prior to joining Vegetarian Times, Turner was the Managing Editor of Natural Health magazine.

The Browne medals -Latin and Greek poetry

The Browne medals are gold medals which since 1774 have been awarded for annual competitions in Latin and Greek poetry at Cambridge University.Sir William Browne, who had been president of the College of Physicians, died in 1774. His will left an endowment to the university:

Sir William Browne having directed his executors to produce a die for annually striking of two medals of gold, of five guineas value each, to be sent to the vice-chancellor of Cambridge about the beginning of January, to be given by him, at the following commencement, to two undergraduates, one for the best Greek Ode in imitation of Sappho, the other for the best Latin ode in imitation of Horace, on a subject to be appointed by the Vice-Chancellor; also one other gold medal, of like value, to be given by him to the undergraduate who shall produce the best Greek epigram after the model of Anthologia, and the best Latin epigram after the model of Martial.The endowment, invested as a trust fund called the Browne Fund, is still used to encourage classical study at the university.

• 1781 J. Goodall
• 1782 J. Goodall
• 1787 F. Wrangham
• 1792 S. T. Coleridge; S. Butler
• 1793 J. Keate; S. Butler
• 1794 S. Butler
• 1796 W. Frere
• 1797 W. Frere
• 1808 E. V. Blomfield
• 1809 E. V. Blomfield
• 1815 J. H. Fisher; G. Stainforth
• 1822 W. M. Praed
• 1823 W. M. Praed
• 1824 W. M. Praed; B. H. Kennedy
• 1830 J. Hildyard
• 1831 J. Hildyard
• 1832 J. Hildyard
• 1833 H. Drury
• 1835 H. Drury
• 1837 P. Freeman
• 1838 P. Freeman
• 1841 M. P. W. Boulton; R. Walpole; H. M. Birch
• 1842 H. J. S. Maine; W. G. Clark
• 1843 H. J. S. Maine; W. G. Clark
• 1846 B. F. Westcott
• 1847 B. F. Westcott
• 1869 T. F. C. Huddleston
• 1871 F. H. Rawlins
• 1872 F. H. Rawlins
• 1873 F. H. Rawlins
• 1877 H. H. West
• 1879 J. C. Moss
• 1880 J. C. Moss
• 1881 J. C. Moss
• 1883 H. V. MacNaghten
• 1884 H. V. MacNaghten
• 1885 W. G. Headlam
• 1886 W. G. Headlam
• 1887 W. G. Headlam
• 1888 W. G. Headlam; F. W. Thomas
• 1889 E. E. Sikes
• 1891 H. M. Leman
• 1893 L. D. Barnett
• 1894 L. D. Barnett
• 1896 L. D. Barnett
• 1901 F. W. Hasluck
• 1911 J. B. P. Adams
• 1912 C. L. Bullock; J. B. P. Adams
• 1913 C. L. Bullock
• 1914 C. L. Bullock
• c.1931-33 J. M. Cook
• 1932 J. E. Powell
• 1973 J. C. McKeown
• 1974 J. C. McKeown
• 1978 N. Hopkinson
• 1979 N. Hopkinson
• 1983 R. G. Gardiner
• 1995 K. A. A. Kwarteng
• 1996 K. A. A. Kwarteng; M. O. McCullagh
• 1997 M. O. McCullagh
• 1998 R. A. Kennedy
• 2001 H. A. van Noorden
• 2003 J. M. Morhart
• 2005 D. J. Butterfield
• 2006 D. J. Butterfield
• 2008 T. C. A. Ford
• 2012 D. A. Fisher; W. A. Winning
• 2014 W. A. Winning
• 2015 A. M. M. Hardwick

The Adam Smith Prize

The Adam Smith Prize are two prizes for best performance in the Part IIB Economics Tripos examinations and dissertation at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. Previously the prize, established in 1891 and named after Adam Smith, was awarded triennially for best submitted essay on a subject of the writer's choice.

• 1894 Arthur Lyon Bowley
• 1897 Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence
• 1900 Sydney Chapman
• 1903 Arthur Cecil Pigou
• 1906 Ernest Alfred Benians
• 1909 John Maynard Keynes
• 1929 R. F. Kahn
• 1930 R. L. Cohen
• 1933 B. P. Adarkar
• 1935 W. B. Reddaway
• 1936 D. G. Champernowne
• 1954 Amartya Sen
• 1956 Manmohan Singh
• 1974 Martin Osborne
• 1987 Richard J. Parkin
• 2009 Praneet Shah
• 2013 Inna Grinis and Ivan Kuznetsov 
• 2015 Ben Andrews and Jonathon Hazell 

THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL-summery -Anne Frank

You have heard of Kitty, the favourite companion of Anne Frank, a Jewish girl of fifteen. She was a victim of anti-Jewish laws of Nazi Germany. Her family was forced to go into hiding in an Amsterdam warehouse from 1942 to 1944.The diary talks about her experience in hiding. It was first published in Dutch and in 1952 translated into English under the title The Diary of a Young Girl. She died of typhoid in the concentration camp at Bergen-Belsen in 1944.

 The diary addressed to Kitty begins on Wednesday, 8th July 1942.Anne was surprised and shocked at what had happened on Sunday afternoon. The whole world seemed to have tumbled down. But the only relief was that she was alive, and that was a great thing under the trying conditions of the time. On Sunday afternoon, Daddy was served a call-up notice. To prevent Daddy being sent to jail mother had gone to the house of Van Daan. They were also getting ready to go into hiding as soon as Daddy came back from Joodse Invalide, after visiting some old people. It was really a time of unspeakable tension and everyone fell silent. No one dared to open the door when the bell rang, for fear of the officials. Van Daan, Mummy and Harry came back. Anne and Margot were sent to the room. Margot tried to console Anne, but it was of no use. There was a talk about going into hiding and Anne was anxious. The family extremely tense. Anne was not permitted to ask those questions that disturbed her much. Margot and Anne had to pack up their vital belongings. The first thing that Anne put in her satchel was her diary, because memories meant more to her. When Anne’s Daddy arrived at 5 ‘o’ clock, Mr. Koophius was telephoned and asked to come over in the evening. Vaan Daan fetched Meip. Meip has been Daddy’s business partner since 1933. Meip was also a good friend. She came and took a set of clothes and went away. The upstairs portion of Anne’s house was given on rent to a certain Mr. Goudsmit. Again at eleven ‘o’ clock Meip and Henk Van Santen ( Meip’s new husband) came and took some clothes and went away. Anne realized that it was her last day on her own bed. Nevertheless she fell asleep. Mother woke her up at 5.30. Everyone wore as many dresses as they could because it was not easy for Jews to travel with suitcases. Anne bid farewell to her cat and they started their journey, not knowing the destination. Here the diary stops with the statement “continued tomorrow.” The next entry given is dated 25th may 1944, Thursday.

The second entry is about the vegetable man getting arrested for hiding two Jews. In hiding Anne heard news of respectable people being sent off to concentration camps. The others ruled the place. They had to cut out breakfast and be satisfied with porridge and bread for lunch and fried potatoes for supper if possible once or twice per week. Anne realized that they were going to be hungry. In the next entry of Friday 26th May, 1944, she writes with relief that she could sit quietly by a crack in the window and write everything to Kitty. That day Anne felt so miserable, The fate of the vegetable man, the Jewish question, the invasion delay, the bad food, the strain, the miserable atmosphere, her disappointment with Peter, Elli’s engagement, Whitsun reception, flowers, Kraler’s birthday, fancy cakes, stories about cabarets, films and concerts. The huge difference between the two experiences baffled her. A few days ago they were happy and light headed. Now they were in constant fear. Meip and Kraler were looking after them, taking great pains. Koophius and Elli had to live their ordinary lives in the outside world and help these people in hiding. All of them had their own problems as well. By now Anne and her family were in hiding for two years. She did not know when this situation wouldl change, how long they would have to suffer the unbearable, ever- increasing pressure. There was scarcity of water and using the water closet became difficult in the annexe. Meip sent them a currant cake with the inscription “Happy Whitsun”. The word happy seemed to mock their situation. The police could get them any moment. The greatest danger was that they were sending their protectors into danger. She asked herself many times whether it would have been better if they had not gone into hiding. But the thought of the concentration camp was horrible. So they continued hoping against hope, in constant fear and uncertainty waiting for the drama to end.

 Anne’s diary reads like a novel. She includes realistic descriptions and details such as “packing up the vital belongings”; descriptive asides such as comments about weather, about the Whitsun cake etc; and also close detailing of sights, sounds, smell, and silence. Some of the passages are almost meditative as in “I feel miserable…..” In this diary she uses different narrative techniques like that of autobiography, diary and letters. It is a chronological record of her experiences in the form of a disclosure to her confidante, Kitty. This diary is also a historical narrative and personal remembrance.

Anne Frank’s diary published in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl is prominent as a piece of unbiased reporting from the Jewish viewpoint. She was only 15 years old when she wrote her diary, but in it we get the picture of a girl growing up under the most trying circumstances. The diary, addressed as kitty, soon became a close companion of Anne who was leading a life in hiding fearing German persecution. In her diary, we read about the horrors unleashed by the S S, the fear and stigma associated with a ‘call up’ notice and so on. The call up notice was a notice ordering a person, usually a Jew, to show up before the S S. When Anne Frank’s elder sister gets the call up notice, the family decides to go into hiding. The fear and pain associated with the existence as a second-class persecuted citizen is very well conveyed by Anne. Every knock on the door frightens them, every sound made by a passerby unnerves them. Fearing police intervention, the family of Anne Frank quickly slip out of their residence carrying only their bare essentials with them. In an entry dated 25 May 1944, Anne Frank writes about the horrors awaiting those who got trapped by the S S for hiding Jews in their houses. Food is rationed, vegetables became unattainable and the family inevitably settles down to the idea of a life lived in hunger. As days and weeks pass by, the morale of the family is seriously affected. The family continued to discuss such issues as the vegetable man captured by the S S, the Jewish question, the invasion delay, the strain and at the same time joyous events taking place around them. At a certain point of time, Anne Frank even complains that while the strain and suspense was lifted off for the non-Jewish at least for a temporary period, for people like her, it never lifted for a moment. As food became more and more precious, the signs of comfortable life also receded. The house has now plumbing problems and the fear of the police forcibly making an entry increases. What made matters worse for the Jews was the truth that as they suffered their miseries they were also dragging their protectors into danger. Anne Frank’s Diary ends three days before her family and friends were discovered by the Nazis. Anne died in 1944, in a Nazi concentration camp after contracting typhoid. 

Write the Characteristics of Critical and Analytical Writing

Characteristics of Critical and Analytical Writing Standards of critical thinking are the measures based on which we asses whether a person’s thinking process is critical or not. Based on these benchmarks we judge the quality of a person’s thinking process. The following are the criteria for critical thinking: ¾ Clarity (Avoidance of vagueness) The most essential feature of critical thinking is the ability to communicate, in speaking or in writing, what we think with clarity. Being clear is necessary for effective communication. Vague or obscure expression of thought prevents proper communication. To attain clarity, we must have • A sense of the audience: An awareness of whom we are going to address helps us in choosing the right language and the right method for communicating our ideas clearly • Context clarity: The context in which we present our topic is also a decisive factor in achieving clarity • Conceptual clarity: This is one of the most important requirements in achieving clarity. Only when we are clear about what we are going to say, will we be able to present it clearly. So a proper understanding of the concept or the topic results in clarity. Clarity must be attained in two ways. First we must be clear about what we are going to say. Second we must use a suitable method so that we are able to communicate our ideas to our audience. To attain clarity • We must understand and present the topic clearly • We must be able to explain it. • We must be able to give examples and illustrate. • We must be able to see in advance the difficulties that our audience might have in understanding the topic. • We must be able to simplify our arguments by using different words (rephrase) • We must say only those things about which we are clear. • We must encourage questions, suggestions and discussion from audience.

 Impediments to clarity • Accepting or believing things without thinking. • Lack of a sense of intellectual responsibility • Prejudice • Strong emotional influence ¾ Accuracy Being true to facts is being accurate. Accuracy is essential especially when we are dealing with quantitative judgments (related to quantity). Clarity and accuracy are related, but not the same. ‘Global warming results in weather change’ is a clear statement but not accurate. To attain accuracy this statement has to be supported by evidence, justifications and facts. To attain accuracy • We must judge and analyse the credibility and reliability of the source of information. • We must be open to doubt and be ready to change our beliefs if they are wrong. • We must stop believing in what we wish for as true. • We must examine the accuracy of our beliefs by comparing different sources of information. • We must be open to the doubts and suggestions of our audience. • We must give the necessary support and explanations for our arguments. Impediments to accuracy • Lack of enough sources to compare and judge for accuracy. • Feeling comfortable with our old beliefs leading to unquestioning attitude. • Generalisations made on the basis of emotional influence. • Influence of culturally or socially held beliefs which are not supported by evidence. • Strong influence of print as well as electronic media. ¾ Precision When we become more specific without leaving any minute relevant detail related to the claim, we achieve precision. Clarity, accuracy and precision are related. For example, when a patient tells the Doctor that he is suffering from fever, his statement is clear. When he says that he has been suffering from fever for the last three days, his statement is accurate. But when the doctor asks the patient to keep a temperature chart, he is demanding precision. Precision is relative and context sensitive. To attain precision • We must support our statements with as much details as possible. • Lack of specific details must be avoided. • We must be very careful while gathering details from different sources. • We must take help from our audience to locate places that need further explanation and invite doubts and suggestions from them.

Impediments to precision • Lack of proper training or special skills needed to gather specific details. • Considering things as a whole that prevents us from going into the specific details. ¾ Relevance When writing or speaking critically, we must include only those details that are relevant or important to the issue. To attain this we must understand that the things that are important for us may not be important for the topic. So we must be able to set aside our personal interest and concentrate on the topic. Also we must understand that in critical thinking what matters is not the quantity but the quality of our writing. It is a misconception that the more we write, the better we write. To attain relevance • We must always keep in mind our main topic and see how the details that we gather are related to the main issue. • We must review our course of thinking. • We must list out all the main points and the sub points. • We must use summaries, outlines and concept maps. • We must consider what our audience takes to be relevant to the issue. Impediments to relevance • Our belief the more we write or the more we say, the better is our handling of the problem. • Our emotional attachment with certain aspects of the problem. ¾ Depth A detailed analysis of the underlying structures of an issue results in attaining depth. In critical thinking we must not stop our analysis with a superficial approach but we must go into the core of the problem. To attain depth • We must make a thorough analysis of the problem. • We must be prepared to face the complexities that arise while making such an analysis. • We must use our analytical ability. Impediments to depth • Our feeling of comfort in simplicity. • Laziness which prevents us from the hardwork needed for attaining depth. • Fear of complexities. ¾ Breadth When we consider all the relevant aspects and the various perspectives of the problem we attain breadth. To attain breadth • We must ask our audience to offer alternative approach on the issue being discussed. • We must be as exhaustive as possible 

What is Critical thinking ?

 Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. The term "critical thinking" has its roots in the mid-late 20th century. Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. People who think critically and consistently, attempt to live rationally, reasonably and empathically. The National Council For Excellence in Critical Thinking defines it as an intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. Critical thinking enables us to analyse and evaluate information to identify justifiable reason or evidence for doing something or for not doing something, justifications for believing something or for not believing something. Whenever we ask for reasons for any of our actions, we are thinking critically. Developing a questioning attitude is essential for a critical thinker which is self directed as well as directed towards others. 

The quality of our life and that of what we produce depends on our thought. Critical thinking helps us to improve the quality and reliability of our thinking process, which in turn will result in a better way of living. The following are some of the major benefits of critical thinking • It helps us to become a wise person. • To come up with a judicious evaluation of events. • To develop a sense of intellectual integrity. • To become accurate precise and clear. • To develop a relevant, deep, broad and logical attitude in understanding and handling different situations. • To develop a special strength of mind, liberal and free from biases and prejudices. • To become a good decision maker. • To become rational.

• To follow certain standards of reflective thinking. • To identify and to focus on the relevant aspects of an issue. • To become reasonable. • To act rationally rather than emotionally. • In academic matters it helps students to learn, evaluate and understand the subject matter in a more judicious way.

 Barriers to Critical thinking 1. Social brainwashing and our view of the world An individual develops his understanding of the world from his own surroundings and from his society. There he comes under the influence of many factors like his parents, teachers, friends, as well as print and electronic media which are not always unbiased. Such influences prevent free thinking. 2. Tendencies to think in binaries The common human tendency is to judge everything in binaries, like good or bad, just or unjust etc. Doing this often leads to bad theories. 3. Fears regarding free thinking The fear of voicing a new opinion stems from the fear of making mistakes or of making a fool of oneself. This results in following the path of others, in spite of the realisation that this is wrong. Many of our societies as well as our traditional educational systems discourage free thinking. To overcome this a critic needs self-will to express what he thinks is right. 4. Personal interests and personal experiences We often tend to judge and evaluate ideas and situations based on our social and emotional commitment, individual interest and past experiences. This prevents rational, objective and critical analysis of issues. 5. Pride and egocentrism (self-centered thinking) Many people consider themselves as the greatest and the most powerful of all the others. They are egocentric and they consider themselves as the centre of the universe. Such people stick to their own perspective and fail to appreciate alternate ways of looking at things. 6. Sociocentrism or ethnocentrism (group/society/cultural-centered thinking) Following the thought patterns common to a group, society or culture as well as thinking in favour of a particular group or community without judging its credibility is a barrier to critical thinking .7. Fear of change or an unwillingness to change Some people are afraid or unwilling to change their views which makes them reluctant to conduct critical thinking. 8. Bias and prejudice Personal prejudices as well as biases create problems in thinking objectively and critically 9. Narrow-mindedness or close-mindedness We need an open and liberal state of mind ready to receive new ideas and to admit positive criticism to follow critical thinking. 10. Wishful thinking Tendency to think and believe what one wishes as true discourages a person from thinking critically. 11. Poor reading and comprehension skills, poor or dysfunctional communication skills Lack of proper reading, inability to understand as well as poor communication skills have an adverse effect on critical thinking.

Femmes d’Aujourd’hui ( Women of Today in English)- French language weekly -women's magazine

Femmes d’Aujourd’hui (meaning Women of Today in English) is a French language weekly women's magazine published in Mechelen, Belgium. Founded in 1933, it is one of the oldest magazines in the country and the first Belgian women's magazine.Femmes d’Aujourd’hui was first published on 1 April 1933, being the first Belgian women's magazine. Sanoma is the owner of the magazine. The magazine is published by Sanoma Magazines Belgium on a weekly basis and has its headquarters in Mechelen. The weekly was formerly based in Brussels.The magazine is also distributed in France which was started in the 1950s.

Femmes d’Aujourd’hui covers various sections for fashion, beauty, health, decoration, tourism, gardening and psycho. After 1960 the weekly began to include roman photos and graphic fictions. At the beginning of the 1970s it featured graphic editions of classical novels such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Between 1952 and 1991 the magazine also published the comics by several caricaturists three pages per week, including Edmond Calvo, Henri Vernes and William Vance.

Annick Poncelet was the editor-in-chief of the magazine whose tenure ended in January 2003 when she resigned from the post. Anouk Van Gestel also served as the editor-in-chief of the weekly of which the current editor-in-chief is Anne Daix.

The magazine celebrated its 80th anniversary with a special edition published on 28 March 2013In 1961 Femmes d’Aujourd’hui had a circulation of 1,122,000 copies in France, and nearly 200,000 copies in Belgium.During the period of 2006-2007 it was the third best-selling women's magazine in Belgium with a circulation of 130,000 copies. The circulation of the magazine was 100,038 copies in 2010 and 95,621 copies in 2011.It fell to 93,516 copies in 2012and to 92,873 copies in 2013. Between July 2013 and June 2014 the circulation of the magazine was 86,434 copies. Its circulation was 84,596 copies in 2014.

Kanyaka - Indian magazine- addressing women's issues

Kanyaka is an Indian magazine in Malayalam primarily addressing women's issues. It is a fortnightly, published by the Mangalam Publications India Pvt. Ltd., Kottayam. Toshma Biju Varghese is its managing editor and Claramma Varghese is its chief editor. A.Chandrasekhar is the editor-in-charge. The headquarters is in Mumbai.

The magazine contains features on current affairs, stories, poems and cartoons, and interviews of celebrities and uncelebrated common personalities. The magazine is dedicated to the uplifting women in Indian society as well as in the societies of other countries.Kanyaka contains cooking recipes from some of the well-known chefs of this trade, beauty tips from some of the famous beauticians of India and health care tips from doctors and dieticians.

Kanyaka contains relationship information for married people; it acts as a counselor for their married life. It has its own free family guide in every issue.

It is the third largest circulated women's fortnightly in the Life style segment in Malayalam successfully completed its 33rd year of Meaningful existence. Kanyaka is an Indian magazine in Malayalam addressing women's issues. It is published by the Mangalam Publications India Pvt. Ltd., Kottayam. It contains features on current affairs, stories and cartoons, interviews of celebrities and uncelebrated common men. recipes from some of the well-known chefs, beauty tips from beauticians and health care tips from doctors and dieticians,relationship information for married people; it acts as a counselor for their married life. It has its own free family guide in every issue. Claramma Varghese, M.C. Varghese is the chief editor. Toshma Biju Varghese, noted cuisine writer and is the managing editor.

Kanyaka has been the official media partner of pageants like Miss South India, Miss Queen of India and Miss Asia worldwide, organised by Pegasus Event Makers.

Kanyakahas conducted a Film Award to commemorate its 30th year at Kochi which had its theme as celebrating youth in Malayalam cinema. The Award winners were Prithwiraj, Asif Ali, Indrajith, Anoop Menon, Kavya Madhavan, Samvrutha Sunil, Rima Kallingal and Remya Nambeesan.

Kanyaka has also conducted three seasons of Kitchen Queen Cookery contest among women readers across the state and the last one was blessed with the presence of Padmashree Mohanlal as the chief guest. This contest set the record of the one with maximum prize money till then.

Kanyaka also conducted a climax contest for its novel series Ee Kaikkumbilil among the readers which has been the first of its kind in the state.

Vellinakshatram- film weekly news magazine

Vellinakshatram is a film weekly news magazine published in Malayalam Language from Kerala, India. It is printed at Thiruvananthapuram and distributed throughout Kerala by Kalakaumudi Publications Private Limited. Although the magazine has leniages with Kerala Kaumudi news paper, it is an independent company. It highlights the doings and happenings of the Mollywood film scene. It is one of the most popular entertainment magazine in Malayalam, it is read by the overseas Indian community worldwide. The group discontinued the much acclaimed Film Magazine and launched Vellinakshatram.It also organizes and sponsors the Vellinakshatram Film Awards.

The Caravan- English-language, journalism magazine

The Caravan is an English-language, long-form narrative journalism magazine covering politics and culture in India. The Caravan was first launched in 1940 and was discontinued in 1988. Delhi Press re-launched the magazine in January 2010 as "India’s only narrative journalism magazine.

The Caravan was first launched in 1940 by founder Vishwa Nath as Dehli Press's first magazine. The magazine lasted until 1988 when it was closed. The Caravan magazine was revived in 2009 and since its first issue in 2010 it is published from New Delhi, India, by Delhi Press.

The managing editor called The Caravan an "editorial success, not a business success". The audience for The Caravan was described as the "pop intelligentsia." The circulation has grown to 40,000 since its launch.

The magazine was issued legal notices in April 2013 regarding its May cover story about Attorney General Goolam Essaji Vahanvati but the top three editors decided to continue with its publication.

The magazine has been grappling with issues of delivery and its marketing chain has been facing problems of late. Many outlets that stocked the magazine earlier are no longer doing so and there have been cases of subscribers not receiving copies on a frequent basis.Paresh Nath is editor-in-chief and his son Anant Nath is the managing editor. Vinod K. Jose is the executive editor. While rebuilding The Caravan's brand, the staff was less than 10 and grew three-fold over the next five years. Jonathan Shainin, formerly with The New Yorker, joined the team in 2010 as a senior editor and left to go back to his former employer as a news editor in 2013.

Accomplished writers like Ramachandra Guha, Pankaj Mishra, William Dalrymple, Siddhartha Deb, Fatima Bhutto, Amitava Kumar, Deborah Baker, Basharat Peer have written for this magazine

Baleen whales known earlier as whalebone whales

Baleen whales (systematic name Mysticeti), known earlier as whalebone whales, form a parvorder of the infraorder Cetacea, including sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Baleens are a widely distributed and diverse parvorder of carnivorous marine mammals. Mysticeti comprise the families Balaenidae (right whales), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), and Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale). There are currently 15 species of baleen whale. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychids, molecular evidence supports them as relatives of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split from toothed whales (Odontoceti) around 34 million years ago.

Baleen whales range in size from the 20 ft (6 m) and 6,600 lb (3,000 kg) pygmy right whale to the 112 ft (34 m) and 190 t (210 short tons) blue whale, which is also the largest creature on earth. They are sexually dimorphic. Baleen whales can have streamlined or large bodies, depending on the feeding behavior, and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Though not as flexible and agile as seals, baleen whales can swim very fast, with the fastest able to travel at 23 miles per hour (37 km/h). Baleen whales use their baleen plates to filter out food from the water by either lunge-feeding or gulp-feeding. Baleen whales have fused neck vertebrae, and are unable to turn their head at all. Baleen whales have two blowholes. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water.

Although baleen whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters around the Northern and Southern poles. Gray whales are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling mollusks. Rorquals are specialized at lunge-feeding, and have a streamlined body to reduce drag while accelerating. Right whales gulp-feed, meaning they use their enlarged head to effectively take in a large amount of water and sieve the slow-moving prey. Males typically mate with more than one female (polygyny), although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. Male strategies for reproductive success vary between performing ritual displays (whale song) or lek mating. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers fast for a relatively long period of time over the period of migration, which varies between species. Baleen whales produce a number of vocalizations, notably the songs of the humpback whale.

The meat, blubber, baleen, and oil of baleen whales have traditionally been used by the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Once relentlessly hunted by commercial industries for these products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. However, the North Atlantic right whale is ranked critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Besides hunting, baleen whales also face threats from marine pollution, ocean acidification, and naval sonar, which results in strandings. They have rarely been kept in captivity, and this has only been attempted with juveniles or members of one of the smallest species.